Lesson 01: Introduction to ADO.NET
This lesson is an introduction to ADO.NET. It introduces primary ADO.NET concepts and objects that you will learn about in later lessons. Here are the objectives of this lesson:
- Learn what ADO.NET is.
- Understand what a data provider is.
- Understand what a connection object is.
- Understand what a command object is.
- Understand what a DataReader object is.
- Understand what a DataSet object is.
- Understand what a DataAdapter object is.
Introduction
ADO.NET is an object-oriented set of libraries that allows you to interact with data sources. Commonly, the data source is a data base, but it could also be a text file, an Excel spread sheet, or an XML file. For the purposes of this tutorial, we will look at ADO.NET as a way to interact with a data base.
As you are probably aware, there are many different types of data bases available. For example, there is Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access, Oracle, Borland Interbase, and IBM DB2, just to name a few. To further refine the scope of this tutorial, all of the examples will use SQL Server.
You can download the Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Desktop Engine (MSDE 2000) here:
http://www.microsoft.com/sql/msde/downloads/download.asp
MSDE contains documentation on how to perform an installation. However, for your convenience, here are quick instructions on how to install MSDE:
http://www.asp.net/msde/default.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=1
MSDE 2000 is a scaled down version of SQL Server. Therefore, everything you learn in this tutorial and all code will work with SQL Server. The examples will use the Northwind database. This is a tutorial is specifically for ADO.NET. MSDE is not part of ADO.NET, but it is one of the many data sources you can interact with by using ADO.NET If you need help with MSDE 2000, I refer you to the Microsoft Web site, where you can find pertinent information on licensing and technical assistance:
http://www.microsoft.com/sql/msde/
Data Providers
We know that ADO.NET allows us to interact with different types of data sources and different types of data bases. However, there isn't a single set of classes that allow you to accomplish this universally. Since different data sources expose different protocols, we need a way to communicate with the right data source using the right protocol. Some older data sources use the ODBC protocol, many newer data sources use the OleDb protocol, and there are more data sources every day that allow you to communicate with them directly through .NET ADO.NET class libraries.
ADO.NET provides a relatively common way to interact with data sources, but comes in different sets of libraries for each way you can talk to a data source. These libraries are called Data Providers and are usually named for the protocol or data source type they allow you to interact with. table 1 lists some well known data providers, the API prefix they use, and the type of data source they allow you to interact with.
table 1. ADO.NET Data Providers are class libraries that allow a common way to interact with specific data sources or protocols. The library APIs have prefixes that indicate which provider they support.
| Provider Name | API prefix | Data Source Description |
|---|---|---|
| ODBC Data Provider | Odbc | Data Sources with an ODBC interface. Normally older data bases. |
| OleDb Data Provider | OleDb | Data Sources that expose an OleDb interface, i.e. Access or Excel. |
| Oracle Data Provider | Oracle | For Oracle Data Bases. |
| SQL Data Provider | Sql | For interacting with Microsoft SQL Server. |
| Borland Data Provider | Bdp | Generic access to many data bases such as Interbase, SQL Server, IBM DB2, and Oracle. |
An example may help you to understand the meaning of the API prefix. One of the first ADO.NET objects you'll learn about is the connection object, which allows you to establish a connection to a data source. If we were using the OleDb Data Provider to connect to a data source that exposes an OleDb interface, we would use a connection object named OleDbConnection. Similarly, the connection object name would be prefixed with Odbc or Sql for an OdbcConnection object on an Odbc data source or a SqlConnection object on a SQL Server data base, respectively. Since we are using MSDE in this tutorial (a scaled down version of SQL Server) all the API objects will have the Sql prefix. i.e. SqlConnection.
ADO.NET Objects
ADO.NET includes many objects you can use to work with data. This section introduces some of the primary objects you will use. Over the course of this tutorial, you'll be exposed to many more ADO.NET objects from the perspective of how they are used in a particular lesson. The objects below are the ones you must know. Learning about them will give you an idea of the types of things you can do with data when using ADO.NET.
The SqlConnection Object
To interact with a data base, you must have a connection to it. The connection helps identify the data base server, the data base name, user name, password, and other parameters that are required for connecting to the data base. A connection object is used by command objects so they will know which data base to execute the command on.
The SqlCommand Object
The process of interacting with a data base means that you must specify the actions you want to occur. This is done with a command object. You use a command object to send SQL statements to the data base. A command object uses a connection object to figure out which data base to communicate with. You can use a command object alone, to execute a command directly, or assign a reference to a command object to an SqlDataAdapter, which holds a set of commands that work on a group of data as described below.
The SqlDataReader Object
Many data operations require that you only get a stream of data for reading. The data reader object allows you to obtain the results of a SELECT statement from a command object. For performance reasons, the data returned from a data reader is a fast forward-only stream of data. This means that you can only pull the data from the stream in a sequential manner. This is good for speed, but if you need to manipulate data, then a DataSet is a better object to work with.
The DataSet Object
DataSet objects are in-memory representations of data. They contain multiple Datatable objects, which contain columns and rows, just like normal data base tables. You can even define relations between tables to create parent-child relationships. The DataSet is specifically designed to help manage data in memory and to support disconnected operations on data, when such a scenario make sense. The DataSet is an object that is used by all of the Data Providers, which is why it does not have a Data Provider specific prefix.
The SqlDataAdapter Object
Sometimes the data you work with is primarily read-only and you rarely need to make changes to the underlying data source. Some situations also call for caching data in memory to minimize the number of data base calls for data that does not change. The data adapter makes it easy for you to accomplish these things by helping to manage data in a disconnected mode. The data adapter fills a DataSet object when reading the data and writes in a single batch when persisting changes back to the data base. A data adapter contains a reference to the connection object and opens and closes the connection automatically when reading from or writing to the data base. Additionally, the data adapter contains command object references for SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE operations on the data. You will have a data adapter defined for each table in a DataSet and it will take care of all communication with the data base for you. All you need to do is tell the data adapter when to load from or write to the data base.